renewable natural gas

Renewable Natural Gas

What are you doing about Carbon Dioxide Emissions & Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

The Following Technologies Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Carbon Dioxide Emissions by up to 100%

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Are you doing your part to stop Global Warming and Climate Change? Learn more about Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the following websites:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
www.CarbonDioxideEmissions.com

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com

For more information on how your company can reduce, or eliminate Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, visit one of our sponsors below. All of the following companies offer products and technologies that are "sustainable" and reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions.

Please Visit And Support Our Following Sponsors!

Biofuel Industries
www.BiofuelIndustries.com
Leaders in: Anaerobic Digesters, Biomethane,
B100 Biodiesel, Biomass Gasification & E100 Ethanol

Cogeneration Technologies
www.Cogeneration.net
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions™

Net Zero Energy Buildings™
www.NetZeroEnergyBuildings.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"™

Renewable Energy Technologies
www.RenewableEnergyTechnologies.com
Generating Green Power and Energy

Solar Energy Systems
www.SolarEnergySystems.net
Developers of "Solar Trigeneration"™

Sustainable Building Solutions, Inc.™
www.SustainableBuildingSolutions.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"™

Net Zero Energy Houses™
www.NetZeroEnergyHouses.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"™

Trigeneration Technologies
www.Trigeneration.com
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions

What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Greenhouse Gas Emissions are those greenhouse gases that allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which many believe is the cause of global warming. There are natural and man-made greenhouse gas emissions. The primary greenhouse gases thought to be major contributors to global warming are; carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), methane emissions (CH 4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O).

The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions from manmade sources include; fossil-fueled power plants such as natural gas power plants and coal fired power plants. Other sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to manmade causes include internal combustion engines (fueled by gasoline and petroleum diesel) and deforestation.

Many people don't realize that as much as 25% of per cent of the carbon dioxide emissions are naturally absorbed by the ocean and another 25% of the carbon dioxide emissions are absorbed by our biosphere, such as trees, plants, soil, etc. This leaves about 50% of the carbon dioxide emissions that are not absorbed and remaining in our atmosphere. As previously stated, carbon dioxide emissions are linked primarily to the burning of fossil fuels (power plants, cars, trucks, etc.) and deforestation.

Greenhouse gas emissions have been on the increase ever since the dawn of the industrial revolution.

What Are Greenhouse Gases?

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth’s surface roughly constant.

Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like gases used for aerosols).

How Can We Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Cogeneration, for industrial customers, and trigeneration, for commercial applications, are the most efficient ways of producing energy for these applications. Cogeneration, at around 60-70% efficiency, is more than twice the efficiency of traditional power plants. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy, and is the best method of generating electricity and steam for industrial customers such as refineries, plastics, and paper/wood industries. Trigeneration, at about 90% efficiency, is about 300% more efficient over traditional electric power plants. Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of cooling, heating and power, and the best method for generating power and energy for commercial customers like office buildings, schools, universities, military bases, shopping centers, radio/television stations, and casinos, among many other commercial applications.

Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing?

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.

Figure 1. Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide

Figure 1 is a line graph showing the trends in atmospheric concentrations and anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide.

Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are naturally regulated by numerous processes collectively known as the “carbon cycle” (Figure 2). The movement (“flux”) of carbon between the atmosphere and the land and oceans is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis. While these natural processes can absorb some of the net 6.1 billion metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year (measured in carbon equivalent terms), an estimated 3.2 billion metric tons is added to the atmosphere annually. The Earth’s positive imbalance between emissions and absorption results in the continuing growth in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

Figure 2 is a flow diagram showing the global carbon cycle.

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

Given the natural variability of the Earth’s climate, it is difficult to determine the extent of change that humans cause. In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases generally produce an increase in the average temperature of the Earth. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in weather, sea levels, and land use patterns, commonly referred to as “climate change.”

Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor. A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, “Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.”

However, there is uncertainty in how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases. Making progress in reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate will require better awareness and understanding of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the behavior of the climate system.

What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?

In the U.S., our greenhouse gas emissions come mostly from energy use. These are driven largely by economic growth, fuel used for electricity generation, and weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, resulting from petroleum and natural gas, represent 82 percent of total U.S. human-made greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 3). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4).

Figure 3. U.S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2001
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

Figure 3 is a pie chart showing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. by gas type.

Figure 4. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2001

Figure 4 is a charting of the U.S. primary energy consumption with the resulting carbon dioxide emissions. For more detailed information about this chart, please call the National Energy Information Center at (202)586-8800.

Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfills, coal mines, oil and gas operations, and agriculture; it represents 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrogen oxides (5 percent of total emissions), meanwhile, is emitted from burning fossil fuels and through the use of certain fertilizers and industrial processes. Human-made gases (2 percent of total emissions) are released as byproducts of industrial processes and through leakage.

What Is the Prospect for Future Emissions?

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries’ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025; and surpass emissions of industrialized countries near 2018.

Figure 5. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2001-2025
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

Figure 5 is a line graph showing world carbon dioxide emissions by region from 2001-2025.

The U.S. produces about 25 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels; primarily because our economy is the largest in the world and we meet 85 percent of our energy needs through burning fossil fuels. The U.S. is projected to lower its carbon intensity by 25 percent from 2001 to 2025, and remain below the world average (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Carbon Intensity by Region, 2001-2025
(Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent per Million $1997)

Figure 6 is also a line graph showing carbon intensity by region from 2001-2025.

Energy Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

For over one hundred years, energy and power production have been generated around the world through the burning of fossil fuels, including; fuel oil, coal, diesel, and natural gas. Over the past decade, environmental science and research has discovered and linked global warming, and global climate change to the carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. This has placed an increased need to reduce energy consumption and discover more environmentally friendly fuel sources.

A Cogeneration powerplant produces heat and power simultaneously by burning a primary fuel like natural gas, or biomethane. Cogeneration plants typically reach system efficiencies of 60% to 70% - or about double that of standard power plants. Trigeneration plants produce 3 energies - cooling, heating and power - simultaneously, with one fuel input and combustion process (such as natural gas or biomethane) and is an environmentally-friendlier method of generating electricity. Trigeneration, at around 90% efficiency, is about 300% more efficient than typical power plants, and 50% more efficient than cogeneration plants. Cogeneration and trigeneration power plants are much less expensive and costly in terms of both economic and environmental expenses, than traditional forms of power generation. There are also far fewer carbon and carbon dioxide emissions generated through co/trigeneration.

Trigeneration slashes carbon dioxide emissions by as much 80% and more.

In 1992, managers of the 2.8-million-square-foot McCormick Place Exhibition and Convention Center in Chicago were planning an addition that would double the size of their convention center. To avoid $27 million in capital costs for a new heating and cooling system, the McCormick Place managers selected a new trigeneration system under an energy outsource or energy services agreement. The new trigeneration system simultaneously provides the McCormick Place Convention Center with heating, cooling, and electricity and achieves an overall efficiency rating of 93%. Besides the initial savings of not having to spend $27 million for the new system, McCormick Place also saves >$1 million annually in energy and operating expenses. The system produces about half the carbon dioxide emissions of a traditional system, as well as 24,000 tons of carbon dioxide and 59 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) each year when compared to a traditional system.

Coors Brewing Company has a 90 percent efficient trigeneration system at its Golden, Colorado plant, the largest single brewing site in the world. The trigeneration system saves 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually, along with 125 tons of NOx and 900 tons of SO2.

* A New Perspective on Energy

Integrated systems for cooling, heating and power (CHP) for buildings incorporate multiple technologies for providing energy services to a single building or to a campus of buildings. Electricity to such buildings is provided by on-site or near-site power generators using one or more of the many options: internal combustion (IC) engines, combustion turbines, miniturbines or microturbines, and fuel cells. In CHP systems, waste heat from power generation equipment is recovered for operating equipment for cooling, heating, or controlling humidity in buildings, by using absorption chillers, desiccant dehumidifiers, or heat recovery equipment for producing steam or hot water. These integrated systems are known by a variety of acronyms: CHP, Trigeneration and IES (Integrated Energy System).

CHP systems provide many benefits, including:

reduced energy costs,
improved power reliability,
increased energy efficiency, and
improved environmental quality.

What is a CHP System?

A CHP System is an efficient, environmentally-friendly "cogeneration" system that provides power (electricity) and energy (hot water and/or steam) at the location the power and energy are needed also known as "distributed generation." Cogeneration systems are at least two times more efficient than typical power plants which average about 27% - 35% efficiency - meaning 65% to 73% of the energy is wasted.

What is a CHP System with Absorption Chillers or "Trigeneration"?

Even more efficient than a standard CHP system is a CHP system that incorporates absorption chillers, which is then a "trigeneration" system, also referred to as an "Integrated Energy System" or "Cooling, Heating and Power." Trigeneration systems can be up to 50% more efficient than cogeneration systems and many average about 90% or more efficiency. Absorption chillers recover the additional waste heat from CHP Systems to make chilled water for air-conditioning, thereby providing the building or facility's electricity, hot water/steam and air conditioning.

Some of the above information courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy with our thanks.

Are you doing your part to stop Global Warming and Climate Change?

Learn more about the leading causes of Global Warming and Climate Change, which are Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the following websites:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
www.CarbonDioxideEmissions.com

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com

Please Visit And Support Our Following Sponsors!

Biofuel Industries
www.BiofuelIndustries.com
Leaders in: Anaerobic Digesters, Biomethane,
B100 Biodiesel, Biomass Gasification & E100 Ethanol

Cogeneration Technologies
www.Cogeneration.net
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions™

Net Zero Energy Buildings™
www.NetZeroEnergyBuildings.com
The Future Belongs to the Sustainable!™

Renewable Energy Technologies
www.RenewableEnergyTechnologies.com

Solar Energy Systems
www.SolarEnergySystems.net
Exclusive Providers & Developers of
Solar Trigeneration™ Power and Energy Systems

Sustainable Building Solutions, Inc.™
www.SustainableBuildingSolutions.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"™

Net Zero Energy Houses™
www.NetZeroEnergyHouses.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"™

Trigeneration Technologies
www.Trigeneration.com
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions™