|
Carbon
Dioxide Emissions We
Provide Resources, Products, Services,
Help Us Stop: |
WE PROVIDE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SOLUTIONS
OFFERING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
TRADING & CONSULTING SERVICES:
Assigned Amount Units
Cap and Trade
Carbon Credits
Carbon Dioxide Credits
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Carbon Emissions
Carbon Offset Projects
Carbon Trading
Clean Development Mechanism
Emission Abatement
Emission Reduction Agreements
Emission Reduction Purchase Agreements
Emission Reduction Units
Emissions Trading
European Emissions Trading
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
Kyoto Protocol Compliant Solutions
Nitrogen Oxides
Renewable Energy Credits
Renewable Energy Project Development
Sulfur Dioxide
Verified Emission Reductions
For project consulting
or more information,
call: (512) 220 - 1498
Got Wind
Turbines?
www.GotWindTurbines.com
1.0 MW WIND TURBINES
NOW AVAILABLE!
Made in the U.S.A.
$1.375 million
Highest Efficiency - with the
Lowest Operation & Maintenance Costs
We
Can Manufacture and Deliver up to 25
1.0 MW Wind Turbines per month
25% Deposit Reserves Your Wind Turbine
For more information, call 832-758-0027
Wind Power Technologies develops, acquires, owns and operates Wind Farms and Community Wind Farms and provides Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emissions Trading and Carbon Reduction Projects in the U.S. and Canada. We also provide Wind Energy Feasibility Studies and Wind Resource Assessments.
According to the
United Nations:
"It is estimated that Greenhouse Gas Emissions
trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en
Expected Annual
Revenues
From Cap and Trade Auctions
in the U.S.
(also known as "Carbon
Allowance Auctions")
Range from $50 Billion/year
to $200 Billion per year starting in 2008
International Emissions Trading, Inc. is a new company that is presently being formed. We are strategically positioned for success in the International Emissions Trading marketplace. We are receiving a large number of opportunities and deal-flow from the leading websites on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading.
With a backlog of new client inquiries, renewable energy projects and significant Emissions Trading opportunities, we are interested in meeting with potential joint venture partners who are as committed and passionate as we are about renewable energy, emissions trading, stopping/reversing climate change, and becoming involved in the $2 Trillion market for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading. We are seeking joint venture participants with a goal of raising $10 million to fund our new business as we begin to open new offices in Houston, London, New York and Los Angeles and expand our offices in Austin, Texas.
Prospective joint venture partners are
invited to send
an introductory email regarding your interest along with your financial
abilities and expectations to: info@GreenhouseGasEmissions.com
or call our attorney, Mr. Robert Webb at tel. (512) 478 - 5336 for more
information.
Glossary of Terms
What is an Assigned Amount (AA)?
The quantity of greenhouse gases that an Annex I country can release in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, during the first commitment period of that protocol (2008-12).
What is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)?
An Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) is a tradable unit of 1 tCO2e.
What is the Cap and Trade Program for reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
how does it work?
The "cap" in a "Cap and Trade" program is a limit that is set on the amount of Greenhouse Gas Emissions which contributes to global warming and climate change.
The burning of fossil fuels from automobiles, trucks, power plants, manufacturing plants, and others who release large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions (which make up 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions) would have to meet those limits.
The
"trade" in "Cap and Trade" creates a market with incentives for companies to reduce pollution, including
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading credits for reducing emissions to other companies that exceed
the "cap" limits.
What are Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)?
According to the Kyoto Protocol, a Kyoto Protocol unit equal to 1 metric tonne of CO 2 equivalent.
A CER is issued for emission reductions from CDM project activities. Two special types of CERs called temporary certified emission reduction
(tCERs) and long-term certified emission reductions (lCERs) are issued for emission removals from
forestation and reforestation CDM projects.
What is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)?
The Clean Development Mechanism is provided by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, designed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development by permitting industrialized countries to finance projects for reducing greenhouse gas emission in developing countries and receive credit for doing so.
What is an Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)?
An
Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement is a binding purchase agreement signed between buyer (of CERs or
ERUs) and seller.
What are Emission Reduction Units (ERUs)?
A unit of emission reductions achieved through a Joint Implementation project. This unit is equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.
What are Emissions Reductions (ERs)?
Emissions reductions generated by a project that have not undergone a validation/verification process, but are contracted for purchase.
What is Emissions Trading?
Emissions Trading allows for
the transfer of AAUs across international borders or emission allowances between companies covered by a Cap and Trade
program. However, it is a general term often used for the three Kyoto mechanisms:
JI, CDM and emissions trading.
What is the Emissions Trading Scheme?
The ETS is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world and is a main pillar of EU climate policy.
What is an ERU?
Emission Reduction Unit.
What is the EU ETS?
European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.
What is an EUA?
European Union Allowance.
What is an European Union Allowances (EUA)?
Materialization of the EU ETS quotas, the tradable unit under the EU ETS. One EUA represents the right to emit 1 ton of CO2.
What is the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
Trading Scheme within the European Union. The first compliance phase is from 2005 to 2007, while the second compliance phase continues from 2008 to 2012.
What Are Greenhouse
Gases and Why Do We Need to Limit Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth’s surface roughly constant.
Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like gases used for aerosols).
What
is a Renewable Energy Certificate?
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) - each REC represents the equivalent of one megawatt hour of electricity generation from an accredited renewable energy source.
What is a Verified Emission Reduction (VER)?
A Verified Emission Reduction is a unit of greenhouse gas emission reduction that has been verified by an independent auditor, but has not yet undergone the procedures and may not yet have met the requirements for verification, certification and issuance of CERs (in the case of the
CDM) or ERUs (in the case of JI) under the Kyoto Protocol.
Buyers of VERs assume all carbon-specific policy and regulatory risks (i.e. the risk that the VERs are not ultimately registered as CERs or
ERUs). Buyers therefore tend to pay a discounted price for VERs, which takes the inherent regulatory risks into account. VERs are carbon credits which are not certified under the Kyoto Protocol but which can be used to compensate carbon emissions. 1 VER corresponds to one metric tone of CO2 equivalent.
What is the Voluntary Market?
The Voluntary market is precisely that, a "voluntary" market for emissions reductions
for buyers and sellers of Verified Emission Reductions (VERs), which seek to manage their emission exposure for non-regulatory purposes.
According to the
United Nations:
"It is estimated that
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en
Carbon
Dioxide Emissions
Since the year 1750
| ## |
| World CO2 since 1750 (cubic feet) |
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions since 1750 (cubic feet)
The carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide
emissions in metric tons since 1750.
Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is
beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere
and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500
pound person.
The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is:
C(t) = 2.58 ×1012 + 1240×t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007.
C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide emissions.
2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide emissions.
That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year.
Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms.
Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16.
So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Responsible for
Wiping Out Most Polar Bears

Photo courtesy of Alaska Image Library. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service
The Debate is Over!
The Evidence from Hundreds of Reputable Studies
Are Clear and
Conclusive....
Climate Change and Global Warming
are Caused by
Carbon
Dioxide Emissions and
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions.
It's Time for Solutions that Reduce Carbon
Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions!
What
Are YOU Doing to Reduce Carbon
Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse
Gas Emissions & Stop Global Warming
and Climate Change?
Learn
more about the leading causes of Global Warming and Climate Change, which are Carbon
Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse
Gas Emissions here!
We Help Cities,
Counties and the Agricultural Community Reduce Their Greenhouse
Gas Emissions & Carbon Dioxide
Emissions By Recovering Valuable Biomethane
from
Wastewater Treatment Plants, Landfills &
Anaerobic Digesters and with Products,
Technologies, and Solutions that Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions
& Ending Global Warming
Commercial and Industrial Clients: We now install Solar Photovoltaic Systems and Solar Trigeneration systems in Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and throughout the Caribbean. Call 512 - 220 - 1498 for more information.
|
Price of Addiction ### to Foreign Oil |
Our associated company is "The Trigeneration Experts" - the ONLY Company that Builds Integrated Cogeneration & Trigeneration Plants on a Single Skid with Effective System Efficiencies that Exceed 90%
LEASING
OPTIONS NOW AVAILABLE
ON OUR NEW COGENERATION
AND
TRIGENERATION POWER PLANTS!
Our
Optional SCR System Reduces
Nitrogen Oxides To "Non-Detect"
Without Ammonia or Urea
Our
small footprint Cogeneration and Trigeneration
Plants measurements are 15' wide by 15' in height by and 55' in length
We Can Design, Build, and Install Your Next Cogeneration
or Trigeneration Power Plant and
have it online in less than 130 days!
Our "Turnkey" Integrated Cogeneration & Trigeneration Energy Systems are Available from 60 kW to over 10 MW with system efficiencies > 90% While Providing Practically-free Heating (and Cooling with Trigeneration) and generating power for commercial and industrial customers for as low as 4 cents/kW! We are the only company that builds, fabricates, packages (on a single skid) and "integrates" Cogeneration and Trigeneration power plants.
Standard Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in kW:
60 kW
200 kW
450 kW
750 kW
75 kW
250 kW
500 kW
800 kW
100 kW
300 kW
600 kW
850 kW
150 kW
400 kW
700 kW
900 kW
Standard Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in MW:
1 MW
2 MW 3 MW
4 MW 5 MW
We can package any combination of standard size plants to come up with your
optimum size system. Our standard and customized Cogeneration
and Trigeneration power plants use
the leading brands of reciprocating engines or turbines and include our
proprietary Waste Heat Recovery
technologies that help us achieve system efficiencies greater than 90% and
effective heat rates as low as 4050 btu's/kW. We provide both standard
and customized Cogeneration and Trigeneration
plants that meet our customer's most stringent economic and environmental
requirements.
Our Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants can run on renewable fuels for even greater environmental and economic savings! These fuels or energy sources include: Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Dimethyl-Ether and natural gas fuels as well as Solar energy in our Solar Trigeneration power plants. Efficiencies of our Cogeneration and Trigeneration power plants are now exceeding 90% with up to 95% lower emissions when using Biomethane and B100 Biodiesel fuel.
For pricing and delivery information on our Cogeneration or Trigeneration power plants, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your project's requirements to: info @ cogeneration .net
Our
New "Integrated" Cogeneration
and Trigeneration
Plants have Very High Efficiencies & Low Fuel Costs.
The Effective Heat Rate is Approximately
4050 btu/kW & System Efficiency is 92%
Pictures of the Newest 900 kW
Cogeneration Plant Presently Being Built for New Customer Features (2) Guascor
Natural Gas Engines @ 450 kW each on one Skid for a Total of 900 kW


Our onsite trigeneration power and energy system can be an ideal solution for
customers wanting increased power reliability and decreased energy and
environmental costs. A few of the types of buildings and businesses that
would benefit from an onsite trigeneration plant include the following:
Airports
Casinos
Colleges & Universities
Dairies
Data Centers & Server Farms
Food Processing Plants
Golf/Country Clubs
Government
Buildings and Facilities
Hospitals
Hotels
Manufacturing
Plants
Nursing Homes
Office
Buildings
Radio Stations
Refrigerated
Warehouses
Resorts
Restaurants
Schools
Shopping centers
Supermarkets
Television Stations
Theatres
For pricing and delivery information on our Cogeneration or Trigeneration power plants, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your goals, objectives and requirements to: info @ cogeneration .net
BIOMETHANE
FACTS
1.
Biomethane is One of the Most Common and Harmful of All
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.
2. Biomethane is 21 Times More Harmful to
the Climate than Carbon Dioxide
Emissions.
Stated another way, Biomethane Causes Global Warming
and Climate Change to
Increase 21 Times Faster than Carbon Dioxide
Emissions.
3. Biomethane Is A "Renewable Natural Gas."
4. Biomethane is One of the Easiest and Most Profitable of all
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
to Recover and Control.
Biomethane
- Best Renewable Fuel?
Anaerobic Digesters
- Best Renewable Energy Technology?
California and Sweden Sign Agreement to Jointly
Develop Biomethane and Other Renewable Fuels
Thursday, 29
June 2006
Sacramento, California USA and Sweden
In a ceremony held at the Ministry of the Environment in Stockholm,
representatives of the Kingdom of Sweden and the State of California signed an
agreement pledging the two governments and their related industries to work
together to develop bioenergy, with a particular emphasis on Biomethane.
“Through a strong working relationship between its industry and government,
Sweden is showing how bioenergy can be developed in a cost-effective manner
that benefits its economy and environment. We are extremely pleased to have
signed this Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will provide a basis for
intensified collaboration between Swedish and California officials to develop
a thriving bioenergy industry in California,” said Joe Desmond,
Undersecretary for the California Resources Agency.
In particular, Sweden has been a global leader in terms of converting biowaste,
largely agricultural material and residues, into usable Biomethane.
This gas is then used to either generate electricity, residential heating, or
as a transportation fuel.
More than 8,000 vehicles in Sweden are powered by a combination of natural gas
and Biomethane. The vehicles include transit
buses, refuse trucks, and more than 10 different models of passenger cars.
There are more than 25 Biomethane production
facilities in Sweden and 65 filling stations. The Swedish Biomethane
industry has been growing at an annual rate of about 20 percent over the last
five years.
According to the Swedish Gas Association, more than 50 percent of the methane
used to power Sweden’s natural gas vehicles now comes from biological
sources, up from 45% last year. Natural gas vehicle sales in Sweden are
increasing at the rate of 25% per annum.
Sweden was motivated to develop its Biomethane
industry because it has no natural gas reserves, to more efficiently manage
its waste, and to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Accord. Since Biomethane
is developed from methane sources that would normally release into the
atmosphere, it’s considered one of the most climate friendly fuels. Methane
(and Biomethane) is 21 times more reactive as a
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). Sweden is currently meetings its
objectives and schedule as outlined in the Kyoto accord.
Biomethane is developed by heating up and
breaking down biomaterials in an (Anaerobic
Digester) digester. Among other raw materials, Swedish operators feed
their Anaerobic Digesters with
slaughterhouse waste, swine manure, and even grassy crops. After the materials
breakdown over a 20 day period, technology is then used to remove the
impurities and produce Biomethane. Once
cleaned-up, Biomethane is 98 percent methane and
easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.
The Memorandum of Understanding can be accessed on the California Resources
Agency Web site: http://resources.ca.gov/press_documents/CaliforniaSwedenBiofuelsMOU.pdf
We
are designing and engineering the world's best Anaerobic
Digesters.
Anaerobic Digesters recover valuable and toxic Biomethane
from organic materials and prevents the Biomethane
- which has a Global Warming
Potential that is 21 times more harmful to our climate than Carbon
Dioxide Emissions - from entering the atmosphere.
Biomethane, which we also refer to as "Renewable Natural Gas" is used as a renewable fuel for our cogeneration and trigeneration power plants. Alternatively, we may sell the Biomethane to a customer and transport it to them from our Anaerobic Digesters via natural gas pipelines.
We believe Anaerobic Digesters and Biomethane represent exciting opportunities for generating renewable natural gas and profits - for multiple reasons:
1. Anaerobic Digesters take an existing liability and waste (Biomethane) and convert it into an asset and " profit generator."
2. Anaerobic Digesters mitigate and reverse climate change and global warming by preventing Biomethane to escape into the atmosphere, which is one of the major causes of climate change and global warming.
Of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Biomethane is 21 times more harmful to the environment than Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
3. Anaerobic Digesters are vital for renewable energy production and helping our country's drive for energy independence.
4. EVERY wastewater treatment plant as well as ALL Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO's) - IN EVERY COUNTRY - will soon be installing Anaerobic Digesters to prevent Biomethane from entering the atmosphere and help reverse climate change as well as for use as a renewable fuel.
5. The country of Sweden is the global leader in Biomethane production. Sweden has identified the Biomethane opportunities and is converting biowaste derived from agricultural material and residues into usable Biomethane. The Biomethane is used to generate clean, renewable electricity, residential heating, and also as a transportation fuel. Biomass sources make up 45% of Sweden’s Biomethane. Sweden's Biomethane industry has been growing at an annual rate of around 20% over the last five years. Biomethane powers more than 8,000 transit buses, garbage trucks, and 10 different models of passenger cars in Sweden. Sweden now has more than 25 Biomethane production facilities and 65 filling stations. The country believes that since Biomethane is developed from natural, organic sources that would have been released into the atmosphere, that Biomethane is considered one of the most climate-friendly fuels. Biomethane is 98% methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.
Congratulations
to Sir Richard Branson for his foresight and investment of $3 billion for
renewable energy technologies research and development to help end climate
change, carbon dioxide
emissions and greenhouse
gas emissions! More at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5368194.stm
THE
FUTURE IS BRIGHT & ITS BRIGHT FUTURE IS COMING FROM:
CONSERVATION (Energy Conservation Measures
and Demand Side Management) as well as;
SOLAR, WIND, GEOTHERMAL AND BIOMASS
THE
BRIGHT FUTURE IS COMING FROM:
CONSERVATION
DECENTRALIZED ENERGY
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
"NET ZERO ENERGY HOUSES"
"NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS"
ONSITE POWER GENERATION
TRIGENERATION
"SUSTAINABLE URBAN LIVINGsm" COMMUNITIES
AND THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR
A "POLLUTION FREE POWER" AND "CARBON FREE ENERGY" FUTURE!
Dirty,
Inefficient and Polluting Central Power Plants are NO LONGER NEEDED
in "Our" Sustainable Future!
Until Texas has its' own Million Solar Roofs
Initiative, we want energy companies re-regulated, their
pollution controlled and eliminated, and renewable energy incentives for homeowners and
business owners, so that we can generate our own renewable energy &
Pollution Free Power through decentralized energy generation.
The Days of Dirty, Inefficient and Polluting Central Power
Plants, and the electric company, are OVER.
The Million Solar Roofs Initiative in California Generates "Pollution
Free Power" for its' State and Eliminates the Need for Dirty, Inefficient
and Polluting Central Power Plants.
Where is the Million Solar Roofs Initiative from the Governor of Texas or the
Texas Legislature????
The
Evidence from Hundreds of Reputable Studies Are Clear and Conclusive....
Climate Change and Global Warming are Caused by Excessive Amounts of Carbon
Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse
Gas Emissions.
What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Greenhouse Gas Emissions are those greenhouse gases that allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which many believe is the cause of global warming. There are natural and man-made greenhouse gas emissions. The primary greenhouse gases thought to be major contributors to global warming are; carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), methane emissions (CH 4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O).
The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions from manmade sources include; fossil-fueled power plants such as natural gas power plants and coal fired power plants. Other sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to manmade causes include internal combustion engines (fueled by gasoline and petroleum diesel) and deforestation.
Many people don't realize that as much as 25% of per cent of the carbon dioxide emissions are naturally absorbed by the ocean and another 25% of the carbon dioxide emissions are absorbed by our biosphere, such as trees, plants, soil, etc. This leaves about 50% of the carbon dioxide emissions that are not absorbed and remaining in our atmosphere. As previously stated, carbon dioxide emissions are linked primarily to the burning of fossil fuels (power plants, cars, trucks, etc.) and deforestation.
Greenhouse gas emissions have been on the increase ever since the dawn of the industrial revolution.
What
Are Greenhouse Gases?
Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse
gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When
sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back towards
space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared
radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy
sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the
amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the
Earth’s surface roughly constant.
Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like gases used for aerosols).
How
Can We Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions?
Cogeneration, for industrial
customers, and trigeneration, for
commercial applications, are the most efficient ways of producing energy for
these applications. Cogeneration, at
around 60-70% efficiency, is more than twice the efficiency of traditional power
plants. Cogeneration is the
simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy, and is the best method
of generating electricity and steam for industrial customers such as refineries,
plastics, and paper/wood industries. Trigeneration,
at about 90% efficiency, is about 300% more efficient over traditional electric
power plants. Trigeneration is the
simultaneous production of cooling, heating and power, and the best method for
generating power and energy for commercial customers like office buildings,
schools, universities, military bases, shopping centers, radio/television
stations, and casinos, among many other commercial applications.
Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing?
Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.
Figure 1. Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide

Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are naturally regulated by
numerous processes collectively known as the “carbon cycle” (Figure 2). The
movement (“flux”) of carbon between the atmosphere and the land and oceans
is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis. While these
natural processes can absorb some of the net 6.1 billion metric tons of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year (measured in carbon
equivalent terms), an estimated 3.2 billion metric tons is added to the
atmosphere annually. The Earth’s positive imbalance between emissions and
absorption results in the continuing growth in greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?
Given the natural variability of the Earth’s climate, it is difficult to determine the extent of change that humans cause. In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases generally produce an increase in the average temperature of the Earth. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in weather, sea levels, and land use patterns, commonly referred to as “climate change.”
Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor. A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, “Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.”
However, there is uncertainty in how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases. Making progress in reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate will require better awareness and understanding of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the behavior of the climate system.
What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?
In the U.S., our greenhouse gas emissions come mostly from energy use. These are driven largely by economic growth, fuel used for electricity generation, and weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, resulting from petroleum and natural gas, represent 82 percent of total U.S. human-made greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 3). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4).
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

Figure 4. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2001

Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfills, coal mines, oil and gas operations, and agriculture; it represents 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrogen oxides (5 percent of total emissions), meanwhile, is emitted from burning fossil fuels and through the use of certain fertilizers and industrial processes. Human-made gases (2 percent of total emissions) are released as byproducts of industrial processes and through leakage.
What Is the Prospect for Future Emissions?
World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries’ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025; and surpass emissions of industrialized countries near 2018.
Figure
5. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2001-2025
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

The U.S. produces about 25 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels; primarily because our economy is the largest in the world and we meet 85 percent of our energy needs through burning fossil fuels. The U.S. is projected to lower its carbon intensity by 25 percent from 2001 to 2025, and remain below the world average (Figure 6).
Figure
6. Carbon Intensity by Region, 2001-2025
(Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent per Million $1997)

Energy
Production and Carbon Dioxide
Emissions
For over one hundred years, energy and power production have been generated
around the world through the burning of fossil fuels, including; fuel oil,
coal, diesel, and natural gas. Over the past decade, environmental science
and research has discovered and linked global warming, and global climate change
to the carbon dioxide emissions
from the combustion of fossil fuels. This has placed an increased need to
reduce energy consumption and discover more environmentally friendly fuel
sources.
Trigeneration
slashes carbon dioxide emissions
by as much 80% and more.
In 1992, managers of the 2.8-million-square-foot McCormick Place Exhibition and
Convention Center in Chicago were planning an addition that would double the
size of their convention center. To avoid $27 million in capital costs for a new
heating and cooling system, the McCormick Place managers selected a new trigeneration
system under an energy outsource or energy services agreement. The new trigeneration
system simultaneously provides the McCormick Place Convention Center with
heating, cooling, and electricity and achieves an overall efficiency rating of
93%. Besides the initial savings of not having to spend $27 million for
the new system, McCormick Place also saves >$1 million annually in energy and
operating expenses. The system produces about half the carbon dioxide emissions
of a traditional system, as well as 24,000 tons of carbon dioxide and 59 tons of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) each year when
compared to a traditional system.
Coors Brewing Company has a 90 percent efficient trigeneration system at its Golden, Colorado plant, the largest single brewing site in the world. The trigeneration system saves 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually, along with 125 tons of NOx and 900 tons of SO2.
* A New Perspective on Energy
Integrated
systems for cooling, heating and power (CHP) for buildings incorporate multiple
technologies for providing energy services to a single building or to a campus
of buildings. Electricity to such buildings is provided by on-site or near-site
power generators using one or more of the many options: internal combustion (IC)
engines, combustion turbines, miniturbines or microturbines, and fuel cells. In CHP
systems, waste heat from
power generation equipment is recovered for operating equipment for cooling,
heating, or controlling humidity in buildings, by using absorption chillers,
desiccant dehumidifiers, or heat recovery equipment for producing steam or hot
water. These integrated systems are known by a variety of acronyms: CHP,
Trigeneration and IES (Integrated
Energy System).
CHP systems provide many benefits, including:
reduced energy costs,
improved power reliability,
increased energy efficiency, and
improved environmental quality.
What is a CHP System?
A CHP System is an efficient, environmentally-friendly "cogeneration" system that provides power (electricity) and energy (hot water and/or steam) at the location the power and energy are needed also known as "distributed generation." Cogeneration systems are at least two times more efficient than typical power plants which average about 27% - 35% efficiency - meaning 65% to 73% of the energy is wasted.
What is a CHP System with Absorption Chillers or "Trigeneration"?
Even more efficient than a standard CHP system is a CHP system that incorporates absorption chillers, which is then a "trigeneration" system, also referred to as an "Integrated Energy System" or "Cooling, Heating and Power." Trigeneration systems can be up to 50% more efficient than cogeneration systems and many average about 90% or more efficiency. Absorption chillers recover the additional waste heat from CHP Systems to make chilled water for air-conditioning, thereby providing the building or facility's electricity, hot water/steam and air conditioning.
Some of the above information courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy with our thanks.
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