International Emissions Trading, Inc.
807 Brazos, Suite # 500   Austin, Texas  78701
www.InternationalEmissionsTrading.com
 Tel. (512) 220 - 1498    email:  info@GreenhouseGasEmissions.com





NOW PROVIDING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 
TRADING AND CONSULTING SERVICES


SPECIALIZING IN THE FOLLOWING:


Assigned Amount Units
Carbon Credits
Carbon Offset Projects
Carbon Trading
Carbon Dioxide Credits
Emission Reduction Units
Emissions Trading
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
Nitrogen Oxides
Renewable Energy Credits
Sulfur Dioxide
Verified Emission Reductions


For emission trading, project consulting 
or more information, call:  
(512) 220 - 1498

We Help Cities & Counties Reduce Their
Greenhouse Gas Emissions & Carbon Dioxide Emissions
By Recovering Valuable Biomethane from
Wastewater Treatment Plants and Landfills

Products, Technologies, and Solutions for Reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions
& Ending Global Warming

BIOMETHANE FACTS

1.  Biomethane is One of the Most Common and Harmful of All Greenhouse Gas
     Emissions.

2.  Biomethane is 21 Times More Harmful to Climate than Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
     Stated another way, Biomethane Causes Global Warming and Climate Change to
     Increase 21 Times Faster than Carbon Dioxide Emissions. 

3.  Biomethane Is A "Renewable Natural Gas."

4.  Biomethane is One of the Easiest and Most Profitable of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions
     to Recover and Control.


Biomethane - Best Renewable Fuel?
Anaerobic Digesters - Best Renewable Energy Technology?

California and Sweden Sign Agreement to Jointly Develop Biomethane and Other Renewable Fuels

Thursday, 29 June 2006
Sacramento, California USA and Sweden 

In a ceremony held at the Ministry of the Environment in Stockholm, representatives of the Kingdom of Sweden and the State of California signed an agreement pledging the two governments and their related industries to work together to develop bioenergy, with a particular emphasis on Biomethane. 

“Through a strong working relationship between its industry and government, Sweden is showing how bioenergy can be developed in a cost-effective manner that benefits its economy and environment. We are extremely pleased to have signed this Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will provide a basis for intensified collaboration between Swedish and California officials to develop a thriving bioenergy industry in California,” said Joe Desmond, Undersecretary for the California Resources Agency.

In particular, Sweden has been a global leader in terms of converting biowaste, largely agricultural material and residues, into usable Biomethane. This gas is then used to either generate electricity, residential heating, or as a transportation fuel.

More than 8,000 vehicles in Sweden are powered by a combination of natural gas and Biomethane. The vehicles include transit buses, refuse trucks, and more than 10 different models of passenger cars. There are more than 25 Biomethane production facilities in Sweden and 65 filling stations. The Swedish Biomethane industry has been growing at an annual rate of about 20 percent over the last five years.

According to the Swedish Gas Association, more than 50 percent of the methane used to power Sweden’s natural gas vehicles now comes from biological sources, up from 45% last year. Natural gas vehicle sales in Sweden are increasing at the rate of 25% per annum. 

Sweden was motivated to develop its Biomethane industry because it has no natural gas reserves, to more efficiently manage its waste, and to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Accord. Since Biomethane is developed from methane sources that would normally release into the atmosphere, it’s considered one of the most climate friendly fuels. Methane (and Biomethane) is 21 times more reactive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). Sweden is currently meetings its objectives and schedule as outlined in the Kyoto accord.

Biomethane is developed by heating up and breaking down biomaterials in an (Anaerobic Digester) digester. Among other raw materials, Swedish operators feed their Anaerobic Digesters with slaughterhouse waste, swine manure, and even grassy crops. After the materials breakdown over a 20 day period, technology is then used to remove the impurities and produce Biomethane. Once cleaned-up, Biomethane is 98 percent methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.

The Memorandum of Understanding can be accessed on the California Resources Agency Web site: http://resources.ca.gov/press_documents/CaliforniaSwedenBiofuelsMOU.pdf

We are designing and engineering the world's best Anaerobic Digesters. 

Anaerobic Digesters recover valuable and toxic Biomethane from organic materials and prevents the Biomethane - which has a Global Warming Potential that is 21 times more harmful to our climate than Carbon Dioxide Emissions - from entering the atmosphere.  

Biomethane, which we also refer to as "Renewable Natural Gas" is used as a renewable fuel for our cogeneration and trigeneration power plants. Alternatively, we may sell the Biomethane to a customer and transport it to them from our Anaerobic Digesters via natural gas pipelines.

We believe Anaerobic Digesters and Biomethane represent exciting opportunities for generating renewable natural gas and profits - for multiple reasons:

1.  Anaerobic Digesters take an existing liability and waste (Biomethane) and convert it into an asset and " profit generator."

2.  Anaerobic Digesters mitigate and reverse climate change and global warming by preventing Biomethane to escape into the atmosphere, which is one of the major causes of climate change and global warming.  

Of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Biomethane is 21 times more harmful to the environment than Carbon Dioxide Emissions.

3.  Anaerobic Digesters are vital for renewable energy production and helping our country's drive for energy independence. 

4.  EVERY wastewater treatment plant as well as ALL Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO's) - IN EVERY COUNTRY - will soon be installing Anaerobic Digesters to prevent Biomethane from entering the atmosphere and help reverse climate change as well as for use as a renewable fuel.

5.  The country of Sweden is the global leader in Biomethane production.  Sweden has identified the Biomethane opportunities and is converting biowaste derived from agricultural material and residues into usable Biomethane. The Biomethane is used to generate clean, renewable electricity, residential heating, and also as a transportation fuel. Biomass sources make up 45% of Sweden’s Biomethane.  Sweden's Biomethane industry has been growing at an annual rate of around 20% over the last five years.  Biomethane powers more than 8,000 transit buses, garbage trucks, and 10 different models of passenger cars in Sweden. Sweden now has more than 25 Biomethane production facilities and 65 filling stations. The country believes that since Biomethane is developed from natural, organic sources that would have been released into the atmosphere, that Biomethane is considered one of the most climate-friendly fuels. Biomethane is 98% methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.


Congratulations to Sir Richard Branson for his foresight and investment of $3 billion for renewable energy technologies research and development to help end climate change, carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gas emissions!  More at:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5368194.stm


THE FUTURE IS BRIGHT & ITS BRIGHT FUTURE IS COMING FROM: 
CONSERVATION (Energy Conservation Measures 
and Demand Side Management) as well as;
SOLAR, WIND, GEOTHERMAL AND BIOMASS

AND IT'S NOT CENTRAL POWER PLANTS THAT ARE STILL OWNED BY GREEDY, POLLUTING POWER COMPANIES LIKE TXU, NRG AND RELIANT!

THE BRIGHT FUTURE IS COMING FROM:

CONSERVATION
DECENTRALIZED ENERGY
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
"NET ZERO ENERGY HOUSES" 
"NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS"
ONSITE POWER GENERATION
TRIGENERATION
"SUSTAINABLE URBAN LOVINGsm" COMMUNITIES
AND THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR 
A "POLLUTION FREE POWER" AND "CARBON FREE ENERGY" FUTURE!
Dirty, Inefficient and Polluting Central Power Plants are NO LONGER NEEDED 
in "Our" Sustainable Future!

                                                                                                                                                                   
Are you concerned about acceleration of 
global warming and climate change?
Are you concerned about the pollution and emissions
from fossil fueled power plants and coal-fired power plants?

Are you concerned about the pollution and emissions from 
from fossil fueled power plants and coal-fired power plants that include:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Mercury, 
Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Smog  


Before building ANY new fossil fuel power plants, 
Demand power and energy conservation programs 
be implemented and maximized. These include:

"Energy Conservations Measures"

"Energy Efficiency Measures"

"Demand Side Management"

Programs such as these can save customers as much as 
30% on their electric bills and delay the need for ANY new
fossil fuel power plants to be built!

NOTE:  Electric companies LOSE money when they aren't selling 
their electricity (kWh's) so they are OPPOSED 
to power and energy conservation programs.
 

Conservation First!

If your electric utility wants to build new fossil fuel power plants - Demand that they consider these conservation programs FIRST!  

Then, if they still need more power, you can ask, and Demand that they consider "Renewable Energy Technologies"

As a LAST RESORT, ANY consideration for dirty coal, should ONLY be with
"Clean Coal Technologies" which incorporates 
"Best Available Control Technology" and 
"Carbon Capture and Sequestration"


Join us and others who support and demand
Renewable Energy and Clean Power!

Call us at: (512) 220-1498

We DEMAND: 

Clean Air, Clean Water and Clean Power &
Kyoto Protocol compliant power and energy technologies
that mitigate global climate change and decrease the amounts of 
Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 
Mercury, Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Smog 
   
Send A Message to dirty electric power companies....

"Keep your dirty power, dirty power plants, dirty air 
and emission-poisons out of OUR back yards, OUR air 
and OUR environment!"


 We support clean power, renewable energy technologies, including:

Anaerobic Digesters
Automated Demand Response
Biomass Gasification
Biomethane
Biorenewable Energy
Carbon Free Energy
Catalytic Conversion
Clean Coal Technologies
Clean Power Generation
Coal Liquefaction
Cogeneration
Concentrating Photovoltaics
Concentrating Solar Power
Decentralized Energy
Demand Side Management
Distributed Generation
District Energy Systems
Energy Conservation Measures
Energy Efficiency Measures
Fuel Cells
Geothermal
Hydrogen
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Methane Recovery
Mixed Use Developments
Net Zero Energy
Net Zero Energy Buildings
Net Zero Energy Houses
Onsite Cogeneration
Onsite Power Generation
Plasma Gasification
Pollution Free Power
Recycled Energy
Renewable Energy Technologies
Solar Cogeneration
Solar Desalination
Solar Trigeneration
Sustainable Building Technologies
Sustainable Urban Living
Thermal Gasification
Trigeneration
Waste Gasification
Waste Heat Recovery
Waste to Energy
Waste to Fuel
Waste to Watts
Wind Power Generation
Zero Emission Energy
Zero Emission Power
Zero Energy Capable

 

 

What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Greenhouse Gas Emissions are those greenhouse gases that allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which many believe is the cause of global warming. There are natural and man-made greenhouse gas emissions.  The primary greenhouse gases thought to be major contributors to global warming are; carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), methane emissions (CH 4) and nitrogen oxides (N2O). 

The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions from manmade sources include; fossil-fueled power plants such as natural gas power plants and coal fired power plants. Other sources of greenhouse gas emissions linked to manmade causes include  internal combustion engines (fueled by gasoline and petroleum diesel) and deforestation.

Many people don't realize that as much as 25% of  per cent of the carbon dioxide emissions are naturally absorbed by the ocean and another 25% of the carbon dioxide emissions are absorbed by our biosphere, such as trees, plants, soil, etc.  This leaves about 50% of the carbon dioxide emissions that are not absorbed and remaining in our atmosphere. As previously stated, carbon dioxide emissions are linked primarily to the burning of fossil fuels (power plants, cars, trucks, etc.) and deforestation.

Greenhouse gas emissions have been on the increase ever since the dawn of the industrial revolution.



What Are Greenhouse Gases?

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over time, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth’s surface roughly constant.

Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human-made (like gases used for aerosols).

How Can We Decrease Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

Cogeneration, for industrial customers, and trigeneration, for commercial applications, are the most efficient ways of producing energy for these applications. Cogeneration, at around 60-70% efficiency, is more than twice the efficiency of traditional power plants. Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energy, and is the best method of generating electricity and steam for industrial customers such as refineries, plastics, and paper/wood industries.  Trigeneration, at about 90% efficiency, is about 300% more efficient over traditional electric power plants. Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of cooling, heating and power, and the best method for generating power and energy for commercial customers like office buildings, schools, universities, military bases, shopping centers, radio/television stations, and casinos, among many other commercial applications.  

Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing?

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels.

Figure 1. Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide

Figure 1 is a line graph showing the trends in atmospheric concentrations and anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide.


Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are naturally regulated by numerous processes collectively known as the “carbon cycle” (Figure 2). The movement (“flux”) of carbon between the atmosphere and the land and oceans is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis. While these natural processes can absorb some of the net 6.1 billion metric tons of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year (measured in carbon equivalent terms), an estimated 3.2 billion metric tons is added to the atmosphere annually. The Earth’s positive imbalance between emissions and absorption results in the continuing growth in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

Figure 2 is a flow diagram showing the global carbon cycle.

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

Given the natural variability of the Earth’s climate, it is difficult to determine the extent of change that humans cause. In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases generally produce an increase in the average temperature of the Earth. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in weather, sea levels, and land use patterns, commonly referred to as “climate change.”

Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor. A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, “Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.”

However, there is uncertainty in how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases. Making progress in reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate will require better awareness and understanding of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the behavior of the climate system.


What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?

In the U.S., our greenhouse gas emissions come mostly from energy use. These are driven largely by economic growth, fuel used for electricity generation, and weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, resulting from petroleum and natural gas, represent 82 percent of total U.S. human-made greenhouse gas emissions (Figure 3). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4).

Figure 3. U.S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 2001
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

Figure 3 is a pie chart showing the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. by gas type.

 

Figure 4. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2001

Figure 4 is a charting of the U.S. primary energy consumption with the resulting carbon dioxide emissions. For more detailed information about this chart, please call the National Energy Information Center at (202)586-8800.

Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfills, coal mines, oil and gas operations, and agriculture; it represents 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrogen oxides (5 percent of total emissions), meanwhile, is emitted from burning fossil fuels and through the use of certain fertilizers and industrial processes. Human-made gases (2 percent of total emissions) are released as byproducts of industrial processes and through leakage.

What Is the Prospect for Future Emissions?

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic development with fossil energy. Developing countries’ emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025; and surpass emissions of industrialized countries near 2018.

Figure 5. World Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Region, 2001-2025
(Million Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent)

Figure 5 is a line graph showing world carbon dioxide emissions by region from 2001-2025.

The U.S. produces about 25 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels; primarily because our economy is the largest in the world and we meet 85 percent of our energy needs through burning fossil fuels. The U.S. is projected to lower its carbon intensity by 25 percent from 2001 to 2025, and remain below the world average (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Carbon Intensity by Region, 2001-2025
(Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent per Million $1997)

Figure 6 is also a line graph showing carbon intensity by region from 2001-2025.

Energy Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

For over one hundred years, energy and power production have been generated around the world through the burning of fossil fuels, including;  fuel oil, coal, diesel, and natural gas.  Over the past decade, environmental science and research has discovered and linked global warming, and global climate change to the carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels.  This has placed an increased need to reduce energy consumption and discover more environmentally friendly fuel sources. 



A Cogeneration powerplant produces heat and power simultaneously by burning a primary fuel like natural gas, or biomethane.   Cogeneration plants typically reach system efficiencies of 60% to 70% - or about double that of standard power plants.  Trigeneration plants produce 3 energies - cooling, heating and power - simultaneously, with one fuel input and combustion process (such as natural gas or biomethane) and is an environmentally-friendlier method of generating electricity. Trigeneration, at around 90% efficiency, is about 300% more efficient than typical power plants, and 50% more efficient than cogeneration plants.  Cogeneration and trigeneration power plants are much less expensive and costly in terms of both economic and environmental expenses, than traditional forms of power generation.  There are also far fewer carbon and carbon dioxide emissions generated through co/trigeneration.  

Trigeneration slashes carbon dioxide emissions by as much 80% and more.

In 1992, managers of the 2.8-million-square-foot McCormick Place Exhibition and Convention Center in Chicago were planning an addition that would double the size of their convention center. To avoid $27 million in capital costs for a new heating and cooling system, the McCormick Place managers selected a new trigeneration system under an energy outsource or energy services agreement. The new trigeneration system simultaneously provides the McCormick Place Convention Center with heating, cooling, and electricity and achieves an overall efficiency rating of 93%.  Besides the initial savings of not having to spend $27 million for the new system, McCormick Place also saves >$1 million annually in energy and operating expenses. The system produces about half the carbon dioxide emissions of a traditional system, as well as 24,000 tons of carbon dioxide and 59 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) each year when compared to a traditional system.  

Coors Brewing Company has a 90 percent efficient trigeneration system at its Golden, Colorado plant, the largest single brewing site in the world. The trigeneration system saves 250,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually, along with 125 tons of NOx and 900 tons of SO2. 

* A New Perspective on Energy

Integrated systems for cooling, heating and power (CHP) for buildings incorporate multiple technologies for providing energy services to a single building or to a campus of buildings. Electricity to such buildings is provided by on-site or near-site power generators using one or more of the many options: internal combustion (IC) engines, combustion turbines, miniturbines or microturbines, and fuel cells. In CHP systems, waste heat from power generation equipment is recovered for operating equipment for cooling, heating, or controlling humidity in buildings, by using absorption chillers, desiccant dehumidifiers, or heat recovery equipment for producing steam or hot water. These integrated systems are known by a variety of acronyms: CHP, Trigeneration and IES (Integrated Energy System). 

CHP systems provide many benefits, including:

reduced energy costs, 
improved power reliability, 
increased energy efficiency, and 
improved environmental quality. 

What is a CHP System?

A CHP System is an efficient, environmentally-friendly "cogeneration" system that provides power (electricity) and energy (hot water and/or steam) at the location the power and energy are needed also known as "distributed generation." Cogeneration systems are at least two times more efficient than typical power plants which average about 27% - 35% efficiency - meaning 65% to 73% of the energy is wasted. 

What is a CHP System with Absorption Chillers or "Trigeneration"? 

Even more efficient than a standard CHP system is a CHP system that incorporates absorption chillers, which is  then a "trigeneration" system, also referred to as an "Integrated Energy System" or "Cooling, Heating and Power."  Trigeneration systems can be up to 50% more efficient than cogeneration systems and many average about 90% or more efficiency.  Absorption chillers recover the additional waste heat from CHP Systems to make chilled water for air-conditioning, thereby providing the building or facility's electricity, hot water/steam and air conditioning.

Some of the above information courtesy of the U.S. Department of Energy with our thanks.

Are you doing your part to stop Global Warming and Climate Change? 

Learn more about the leading causes of Global Warming and Climate Change, which are Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the following websites:

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
www.CarbonDioxideEmissions.com
 

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
www.GreenhouseGasEmissions.com 

For more information on how your company can reduce, or eliminate Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions, visit one of our sponsors below. All of the following companies offer products and technologies that are "sustainable" and reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions.

Become one of our Sponsors 


Biofuel Industries
www.BiofuelIndustries.com
Leaders in:  Anaerobic Digesters, Biomethane, 
B100 Biodiesel, Biomass Gasification & E100 Ethanol
 

Cogeneration Technologies
www.Cogeneration.net
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions


Net Zero Energy Buildings
www.NetZeroEnergyBuildings.com
The Future Belongs to the Sustainable!


Renewable Energy Institute
www.RenewableEnergyInstitute.org
Providing Capital, Funding, Grants and 
Renewable Energy Research and Development for
An Energy Independent and Environmentally-Friendly USA 


Renewable Energy Technologies
www.RenewableEnergyTechnologies.com


Solar Energy Systems
www.SolarEnergySystems.net
Exclusive Providers & Developers of 
Solar Trigeneration Power and Energy Systems

Sustainable Building Technologies
www.SustainableBuildingTechnologies.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"


Net Zero Energy Houses
www.NetZeroEnergyHouses.com
"The Future Belongs to the Sustainable"


Trigeneration Technologies
www.Trigeneration.com
Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power and Energy Solutions

 

 

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